Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Treaty: a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.
Aristocracy: the highest class in certain societies, typically comprising people of noble birth holding hereditary titles and offices.
Enlightenment: a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent figures included Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith.
Divine Right: chosen by God to rule.
Estates General: representatives elected by the three French estates.
Absolute Monarch: a ruler who governs alone, unrestrained by laws or constitution.
Revolutionary: engaged in or promoting political revolution or a person who advocates or engages in political revolution.
Tsar: Tsar is a title used to designate certain European Slavic monarchs or supreme rulers. As a system of government in the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire, it is known as Tsarist autocracy, or Tsarism.
Autocracy: a system of government by one person with absolute power.
Communist: adhering to or based on the principles of communism; a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
Papal States: the temporal dominions belonging to the Pope, especially in central Italy.
Constitutional Monarchy: a political system in which the head of state is a king or queen ruling to the extent allowed by a constitution.
Charcoal Burners: in early 19th-century Italy, members of a secret society that sought to establish a unified liberal republican government.
Council of Trent: The Council of Trent, held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento and Bologna, northern Italy, was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important ecumenical councils, prompted by the Protestant Reformation.
Infallibility: (in the Roman Catholic Church) the doctrine that in specified circumstances the Pope is incapable of error in pronouncing dogma