ITALIAN REVOLUTION
What: Italy was divided in territories ruled by different families. Plans to unite Italy were developed by revolutionaries. revolutionary thought was anti-religious and anti-Church which resulted in the Pope losing the Papal states and only retaining Rome
Where: Italy
When: 1848-1870
Who: Carbonari (Charcoal Burners) tried but failed to unite Italy (1820); Giuseppe Garibaldi- wanted a Constitutional Monarchy; Pope Pius IX; Victor Emmanuel II- declared King of Italy (1861)
Why: revolutionary movement of the Carbonari (Charcoal Burners) were motivated by the French to unify Italy. There were calls for reform and democracy, which applied to the Church too. Pope Pius IX saw the move as anti-Church and Religion.
Source: Goldburg, P. (2016) Understanding Religion 9. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press